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Wednesday, 7 June 2017

Noun phrase in English

Noun phrase
Definition : a noun phrase is a meaningful series of words in which the noun serves as the head of the phrase.

Constituent  ( head + modifier )
Head : noun/pronoun
Modifier :
A.    Determiner
1.      Article
a.       A/an
·         Precedes a singular indefinite noun
·         Precedes a singular  generic noun
·         Replaces “one/per” in a fraction
b.      The
·         Precedes a singular, plural, uncountable definite noun
·         Precedes an ordinal number
·         Precedes a superlative form
·         Precedes a comparative form in adverbial clause of proportion
2.      Demonstrative adjective
a.       Close to the speaker :
·         For singular or uncountable : this
·         For plural : these
b.      Far from the speaker
·         For singular or uncountable : that
·         For plural : those
3.      Possessive
a.       Possessive adjective :
My, your, our, her, his, its, their
b.      Possessive noun/noun phrase :
Noun/ noun phrase + ‘s
4.      Numerical adjective
a.       Cardinal number
One, two, three, four, etc
b.      Ordinal number :
First, second, third, fourth, etc
5.      Indefinite quantifier
a.       For singular :
Each, every, another, either, neither
b.      For plural :
Both, several, a couple of, a number of, many, other,(a) few, fewer
c.       For singular/uncountable :
The other
d.      For uncountable :
Much, a deal of, an amount of, (a) little, less
e.       For plural/uncountable :
A lot of, lots of, plenty of, more, most, enough
f.       For singular/uncountable/plural :
Some, any, no
6.      Interrogartive adjective
a.       Whose (asking possesion)
b.      Which (asking choice)
c.       What (asking kind of thing)
7.      Exclamatory adjective
a.       What
b.      Such 
B.     Modifier (pre modifier “ modifier before head)
1.      Adjective denoting general description :
a.       Character : smarst, lazy, intelligent, etc.
b.      Quality/opinion : good,interisting, nice, etc.
2.      Adjective denoting physical description :
a.       Size : big, large, small, etc.
b.      Shape : round, rectangular,etc.
c.       Compound adjective :
·         Adjective + noun + ed : white-skinned
·         Cardinal number + noun + ed : four-legged
·         Noun + noun + ed : rainbow-colored
·         Adverb + present participle : fast moving
·         Adverb + past participle : perfectly drawn
d.      Age : young, old, new, etc
e.       Temperature : hot, clod, warm, etc
f.       Color : red, blue, yellow, etc
3.      Proper adjective
a.       Denoting religion : islamic, christian, etc
b.      Denoting nationality : indonesian, japanase, etc
c.       Denoting ethnic : javanese, sundanese, etc
4.      Adjunct of material : plastic, wooden, metal, etc
5.      Gerund : swimming, waiting, etc
Past modifier (modifier after head)
1.      Adjective :
a.       After indefinitie pronoun : someone, nothing, etc
b.      After head denoting age or measurement : years, feet, etc
2.      Adjective phrase :
a.       After indefinitie pronoun : someone, nothing, etc
b.      After adjective with bound preposition : eligble for, afraid of, native to, etc
3.      Noun/noun phrase as appositive :
a.       Restrictive
·         Without commas
·         After proper of definite noun
b.      Non restrictive
·         With commas
·         After generic or indefinite noun
4.      Prepositional phrase
a.       With bound preposition
b.      With free preposition
5.      Adjective clause :
a.       Restrictive :
·         Without commas
·         Conjunction “that” is permitted
·         Omission of relative pronoun object or relative adverb is permitted
b.      Non restrictive :
·         With commas
·         Conjunction “that” is permitted
·         Omission of relative pronoun object or relative adverb is not permitted
6.      Verbal construction :
a.       Present participle phrase (ving) : active meaning
b.      Past participle phrase (v3) : passive meaning
c.       To infinitive phrase :
·         After noun modified by ordinal number
·         After noun modified by superlative adjective
·         After certain noun, such as ability, decision, failure, ambition, etc
7.      Noun clause as appositive after certain noun, such as news, fact, truth, issue, gossip, etc
Word order
1.      Determiner + head
Example :                     the              car
                             determiner       head
2.      Modifier + head
Example :                     red               car
                                 modifier        head
3.      Determiner + modifier + head
Example :               the                    red            car
                          determiner        modifier     head
4.      Head + modifier
Example :        the                   car              in front of the building
                   determiner           head             modifier
5.      Determiner + modifier + head + modifier
Example :        the                    red            car            in front of the building
                    determiner         modifier      head           modifier
Function :
1.      In sentence
a.       As subject
b.      As complement of subject
c.       As direct object
d.      As indirect of object
e.       As complement of object
f.       As adverb (special function) :
·         Adverb of time
·         Adverb of frequency
2.      In phrase
a.       Innoun phrase
·         As premodifier (adjunct)
·         As post modifier (appositive)
b.      In prepositional phrase
·         As object of preposition
       





 




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